Language User Interfaces vs Conversational User Interfaces
The human-assisted chatbot allows customers to do several things from transferring money to buying a car. If there is a slackbot for scheduling meetings, there is a slackbot for tracking coworkers’ happiness and taking lunch orders. Shopping cart abandonment is a major issue in ecommerce, with over two-thirds of all online shopping carts being deserted. The root cause often lies in the emotional aspect of purchasing decisions. If a customer begins doubting the products in their cart, they are more likely to abandon the cart.
What is conversational examples?
Conversational means relating to, or similar to, casual and informal talk. What is refreshing is the author's easy, conversational style. His father wanted him to learn conversational German. Lyrics are written almost conversationally, yet sung with passion.
If CUI are to be multilingual, then localisation testing will be required. The core technology behind such platforms is a natural language processing capability. It must be able to perform semantic analysis and have some level of comprehension. Not only does it help to map the customer experience from start to finish, but it also highlights what data, processes, APIs, systems and channels you need and how they all link to together. One of the biggest opportunities for AI lies in workflow optimisation or automation.
They introduced CUI into their business, allowing customers to order food through a bot on Facebook Messenger. Duolingo understood that the most significant problem they would face would be helping users effectively learn a language. Simply reading words and phrases on a screen would not help in the same way. Over the past few years, Duolingo has started to leverage the power of artificial intelligence to alter the courses and make them more convenient for the user. Skyscanner is one great example of a company that follows and adapts to new trends. With many people using the Telegram messaging service, Skyscanner introduced a Telegram bot to target a wider audience to search for flights and hotels easily.
Since these tools have multiple variations of voice requests, users can communicate with their device as they would with a person. People are starting to increasingly use smart-home connected devices more often. Additionally, you can simplify user access to smart vehicles (open the car, plan routes, adjust the temperature). Despite certain shortcomings, there is a lot of potential in making conversational UI the perfect marketing tool for the experience economy. It can automate internal company processes such as employee satisfaction surveys, document processing, recruitment, and even onboarding. For example, at Landbot, we developed an Escape Room Game bot to showcase a product launch.
Voice assistants
In other words, instead of searching through a structured graphical interface for information, users can tell the software what they need, and the software supplies it. It’s characterized by having a more relaxed and flexible structure than classic graphical user interfaces. They have all set up conversation-based interfaces powered by the AI chatbots that have come good to serve several business purposes. Chatbot takes its place in chat products and also serve as stand-alone interfaces to handle requests.
How do you use conversational style?
- Choose simple words. Avoid using all the words you would never use in real life, like “utlize” instead of use.
- Use the second-person voice.
- Write short sentences.
- Use contractions.
- Avoid passive voice.
- Ask questions.
- Break grammar rules.
- Tell a story.
In the past, users didn’t have the option to simply tell a bot what to do. Instead, they had to search for information in the graphical user interface (GUI) – writing specific commands or clicking icons. Past versions of CUI consisted of messenger-like conversations, for example, where bots responded to customers in real-time with rigidly spelled-out scripts.
Students learn the tools and methods of experience design in this modality, exploring through their projects the cognitive, experiential, and social aspects of user interaction. Conversational user interfaces (CUIs) are platforms that simulate human conversation and enable users to interact with digital systems using natural language. Rather than navigating through traditional graphic user interfaces (GUIs) with menus and buttons, users communicate their needs in a more intuitive and direct manner, usually by typing or speaking. A Conversational User Interface (CUI) is an interface that enables users to interact with computers using natural language, whether spoken or written. Today, more and more businesses, especially in the ecommerce industry, are integrating live chatbots since they’re easier to implement than voice assistants. A chatbot is a visual interface where communication between a bot and a user is natural and is displayed in chat bubbles.
You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. The linear flow in Doms CUI makes it easy to order food when compared to other alternatives. In the same year, when conversational AI and chatbots started receiving more recognition, Skyscanner joined the league by introducing their Facebook Messenger bot. If you start thinking of other, non-chat interfaces as conversations, this gives you a whole new perspective.
Game-Changing Conversational User Interface Examples
No matter what industry the bot or voice assistant is implemented in, most likely, businesses would rather avoid delayed responses from sales or customer service. It also eliminates the need to have around-the-clock operators for certain tasks. Communicating with technology using human language is easier than learning and recalling other methods of interaction. Users can accomplish a task through the channel that’s most convenient to them at the time, which often happens to be through voice. CUI is a perfect option when users are driving or operating equipment. Before I wrap things up, it’s important to understand that not all conversational interfaces will work like magic.
How do you make a conversational interface?
- Use AI, NLP and LLM.
- Develop a consistent and coherent conversational flow:
- Provide personalized and context-aware responses.
- Continually improve performance with data.
- Design for accessibility and inclusivity.
- If all else fails, buy, don't build.
Language User Interfaces (LUIs) and Conversational User Interfaces (CUIs) are two approaches to facilitating human-computer interaction through natural language processing. While both interfaces are designed to make it easier for users to interact with technology, they differ in terms of structure, features, and use cases. In this article, we will compare and contrast LUIs and CUIs to better understand their strengths and weaknesses. One of the most prominent examples of CUIs are virtual assistants and chatbots, including AI-powered Business Intelligence (BI) platforms. These platforms leverage the capabilities of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analysis to provide valuable insights and analytics.
The platform must be able to process repeated requests as per the user’s expectation. Throughout testing, the speed at which the platform returns replies must be monitored to ensure the conversation runs at a constant pace. Effectively, if they stop being a solution and become another barrier or complexity to navigate, then long-term engagement will drop over time. This is again doubly important in healthcare, unlike other industries, as each stakeholder faces additional challenges such as managing a health condition or massive workloads. It should always reply with a more concise answer that doesn’t include more words or sentences, which is inappropriate because it confuses the answer and loses its attention. E.g., if a user asks about any product, it should reply with its availability and one-line details.
1–800-Flowers came up with a startling revelation that 70% of its Messenger orders came from new customers once it introduced the Facebook chatbot. An adept salesperson in a brick-and-mortar store can suggest additional, complementary items based on what a customer is purchasing, effectively upselling or cross-selling. Based on the understanding of customer preferences and their current selection, the CUI can suggest additional items that complement their choice or premium versions of the items they are considering. This could potentially increase the size of the customer’s shopping basket and, consequently, the store’s revenue. Moreover, it capitalizes on humans’ innate capacity to understand a sentence’s context.
CUIs, due to their conversational nature, demand more complex development and maintenance. They require sophisticated natural language understanding and context-aware systems to provide seamless and coherent interactions. This can lead to higher development costs and more time spent on maintenance. In customer service, CUI-powered chatbots can handle a wide range of queries, reducing response times and improving customer satisfaction. In healthcare, CUIs can assist in diagnosing symptoms or providing medical information. In smart homes, CUIs can control devices and automate daily tasks based on voice commands.
Also, you can enjoy a more intuitive and immersive user experience with these tools. Although the technology is still evolving, conversational UI solutions understand your context based on its understanding and give you a response. Whether it’s through courses, articles, blog posts, tutorials or all the above and more, these materials lower the bar and help people to understand why they should use this technology. Fortunately, conversational interfaces are already understandable to users. Now you have to explain why this should be a preferred touchpoint for them. The two most common types are voice assistants like Alexa and Siri and chatbots that you interact with via typing.
● When you consider appropriate, you can create as many test cases as are needed in each flow. An intent is the user’s intention and corresponds to the main verbs used in each phrase within the flows. For Chat GPT example, if a user types “show me yesterday’s financial news”, the user’s intent is to retrieve a list of financial headlines. Intents are given a name, often a verb and a noun, such as “showNews”.
This step is crucial for ensuring a smooth and natural conversational experience. First is the chatbots where the interaction and communication takes place in the form of text. The second one is voice assistants like Google Assistant, with which you can talk to provide input. In the clinic I attended, they, unfortunately, only focused on chatbots as an example of conversational design. And while I understand that virtual assistants and chatbots are probably the first thing people think about when you talk about conversational design, they are actually only a small part of the discussion.
Large enterprises are tapping into the benefits of training their workforce to improve Conversational UI for customers’ day-to-day activities. They realize the importance of leading the way in a changing workforce and environment. The home page of the app displays a greeting message that welcomes the user.
It should recognize a variety of responses and be able to derive meaning from implications instead of only understanding syntax-specific commands. Conversational interfaces provide a convenient and user-friendly interface for customers to get answers to their questions and resolve issues. By offering instant assistance and delivering relevant information, businesses can enhance customer satisfaction and build stronger relationships. The personalized and contextual nature of conversational interfaces contributes to a positive customer experience, fostering loyalty and advocacy.
In the realm of digital interaction, conversational user interfaces (CUIs) stand as a testament to the seamless integration of artificial intelligence and human-centric design. These interfaces, powered by natural language processing, have transformed the way users engage with technology, offering a more intuitive and personalized experience. These interfaces move beyond text transcription not only to capture language but use natural language processing (NLP) to demonstrate an understanding of the intention behind that language. The earliest CUIs were simple text-based interfaces that required users to input syntax specific commands to receive a response. These rudimentary systems lacked the ability to understand natural language, making interactions cumbersome and unintuitive. However, as technology progressed, artificial intelligence and ML algorithms were introduced to CUIs, enabling them to analyze and learn from user input.
Digital Engineering Services for AutonomousOps
This scenario is perfect for you to break the illusion of a natural conversation. If several questions can be easily grouped together, then they can be presented as miniature forms within the conversation. You can take help from a top web development agencies in India if you need any assistance for the same. If you want to make your bot more lively and human-like, it is good to give the bot some personality and some level of emotion. Everything would be pointless if you leave the users playing the guessing game about the functions and features your CUI is about to serve. This can be done with the help of an introductory message, animation, or speech bubble.
You can simply chat with the virtual assistant to check your account balance, learn the transaction history, pay a bill, or report a lost or stolen card. AI assistants can analyze your spending habits, provide insights into your budget, and offer personalized tips on saving money. Additionally, create a personality for your bot or assistant to make it natural and authentic.
Banking, financial services, and insurance
How do they provide us with relevant and useful information and services? These are some of the questions that conversational user interfaces (CUIs) aim to answer. A conversational interface refers to a conversational user interface design that allows humans and computers to engage through natural language discussions. Conversational interfaces, as opposed to standard graphical user interfaces (GUIs) with buttons and menus, allow users to connect with technology like human conversation. The goal is to improve interaction by making it more intuitive and user-friendly. A conversational user interface (CUI) is a digital interface that allows users to interact with a product based on principles of real-life human communication.
- ● In some cases it could be easier to perform the testing under scenarios where each scenario corresponds to a specific flow.
- NLP is a subfield of AI that focuses on enabling computers to understand and process human language.
- One of the primary advantages of conversational interfaces is their round-the-clock availability.
- But if you think about it, they’re also creating a conversation between the device and user.
- These basic bots are going out of fashion as companies embrace text-based assistants.
When you have massive layoffs, there’s more competition for available jobs, which means that an entrepreneur can hire freelancers at a lower cost. They are prone to hallucinations and can make up non-existent policies (e.g. discounts or cancellation policies). Hallucinations can be costly and are among the most expensive conversational AI failures. AIMultiple informs hundreds of thousands of businesses (as per Similarweb) including 60% of Fortune 500 every month. In the landscape of modern commerce, the advent of digital platforms has revolutionized the way… In the realm of finance, the beta coefficient represents a pivotal metric, offering a quantifiable…
Some of the best CUIs provide the following benefits to the customer and the owner. Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP), CUIs can understand what the user wants and provide solutions to their requests. Instead of asking detailed questions or sending out long forms, Erica asks for feedback subtly.
However, users have the same needs they used to have traditional interfaces; they change their mind and want to go back, they want to skip steps, etc. We need to test such navigational scenarios in our testing to make the bot understand and deal with such needs appropriately. Some publications do not mention this type of chatbot when talking about conversational interfaces as it doesn’t give the user complete freedom to request and react. However, the bot does use conversation as a mean of achieving a goal as well as abides conversational principles, hence should not be left out. So, while functionality must come first, we also need to give our https://chat.openai.com/ the personality to create conversations that are automated yet feel authentic.
In the realm of digital design, the emergence of conversational User interfaces (CUIs) marks a paradigm shift, steering us away from the graphical user interface’s dominance. These interfaces harness the power of natural language processing to offer a more intuitive and human-centric way of interacting with technology. Conversational interfaces (also referred to as conversational user interfaces/CUI) are interfaces that emulate conversations with real people. As opposed to chatbots, which can be considered text-based assistants, voice assistants are bots that allow communication without the necessity of any graphical interface solely relying on sound. VUIs (Voice User Interfaces) are powered by artificial intelligence, machine learning, and voice recognition technology. The conversation assistant capability made available through Nuance’s Dragon Mobile Assistant, Samsung’s S-Voice and Apple’s Siri is just the beginning.
From command-based systems to graphical interfaces, we now find ourselves in the age of the Conversational User Interface (CUI). Let’s dive into what CUI is and how it is transforming the way we interact with applications. The journey towards this future is one of collaboration and innovation. By embracing the potential of VUIs and addressing the challenges, we can unlock a world where technology is more accessible, user-friendly, and empowering for all. Let us embrace the voice revolution and shape the future of human-computer interaction together. One key strategy is the implementation of conversational commerce — a new form of eCommerce where consumers and brands communicate through messaging and chatbots.
A voice user interface allows a user to complete an action by speaking a command. Introduced in October 2011, Apple’s Siri was one of the first voice assistants widely adopted. Siri allowed users of iPhone to get information and complete actions on their device simply by asking Siri. These bots can engage in complex conversations in a wide variety of topics since they have been trained using a large volume of text. They are then finetuned to work as customer service assistants or sales bots etc. The conversational interface is an interface you can talk/write to in plain language.
Conversational assistants create an augmented reality that many have come to expect when reaching out to customer digital services teams. You can ask AI-powered bots simple questions and even add a follow-up question, and their natural language processing will take over and respond with on-brand messaging and prompts to help you take action. Voice assistants are also bots, but they do not use any graphical interface, only voice.
In the realm of digital interaction, Conversational User Interfaces (CUIs) stand as a beacon of intuitive design, beckoning users to engage in dialogue as naturally as they would with another human. This seamless integration of conversational elements into user interfaces is not just a trend but a transformative approach to interaction design. This course covers how to design, prototype, and evaluate conversational user interfaces.
This adaptability accommodates to a wide range of user preferences and allows for more natural and intuitive interactions. As the name suggests, rule-based chatbots are powered by a set of rules. Deploying chatbots in the enterprise raises a host of potential issues that inevitably attend the deployment of enterprise software, including performance, scalability, and especially security. Enterprise chatbots may require access to user credentials, profile information, and enterprise data in order to perform useful functions. Any chatbot initiative must comply with enterprise cyber security standards.
It can also help with customer support queries in real-time; plus, it facilitates back-office operations. Medical professionals have a limited amount of time and a lot of patients. Chatbots and voice assistants can facilitate the health monitoring of patients, management of medical institutes and outpatient centers, self-service scheduling, and public awareness announcements. Since most people are already used to messaging, it takes little effort to send a message to a bot.
Chatbots can quickly solve doubts about specific products, delivery and return policies, help to narrow down the choices as well as process transactions. Providing customers simple information or replying to FAQs is a perfect application for a bot. A comScore study showed that 80% of mobile time is dedicated to the user’s top three apps. Hence, it’s much easier and more effective to reach customers on channels they already use than trying to get them to a new one. In the near future, the way we interact with the software will drastically change because of rapid developments in CUIs.
To make Conversational UIs, a designer uses collaboration tools and systems to create a conversational user interface. CUI is an interface paradigm that allows users to interact with software applications through natural language conversations. Instead of clicking buttons or navigating menus, users can simply communicate with the application as if they were having a conversation with a human. Take the conversational interface example of Duolingo, a language learning platform. Duolingo’s chatbot provides personalized reviews to help learners understand their mistakes. The bot has an Explain My Answer option that tells the learner why their answer was right or wrong.
By infusing chatbots with a distinct personality and tone of voice, brands can showcase their values and beliefs, fostering deeper connections with their target audience. This personalization leads to stronger emotional bonds and enhanced customer loyalty. The widespread adoption of social media and messaging platforms has significantly influenced the evolution of CUIs. By integrating with these different channels, CUIs have expanded their reach and become more accessible to users. For example, Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp now support chatbot integration, allowing businesses to deploy CUIs on these platforms and interact with customers directly. Additionally, these UIs provide a more personalized experience for each user since the system remembers previous conversations and responds accordingly.
How does chatbot UI work?
A chatbot user interface (UI) is a series of graphical and language elements that allow for human-computer interaction. There are different types of user interfaces , chatbots being a natural language user interface. This means users can communicate on their terms, not the computer's.
For example, 1–800-Flowers encourages customers to order flowers using their conversational agents on Facebook Messenger, eliminating the steps required between the business and customer. After introducing the chatbot, 70% of its orders came from this channel. A major pain-point for ecommerce customers is the time wasted searching for desired products. The introduction of a chatbot on a conversational ecommerce site can make browsing a breeze by taking over the search process. This eliminates the need for the user to navigate through countless menus and filters, making the search process faster and more enjoyable. Let’s go deeper and uncover the true worth of conversational interfaces.
By leveraging data and user preferences, CUIs can deliver experiences that resonate on a personal level, like suggesting your favorite coffee when you order breakfast. An effective conversational UI, when designed with the users’ uniquely human motivations at its core, allows a product to conform to the needs of individual users, rather than the other way around. An interface is a “space” that can be compared to a physical environment like a restaurant or a retail shop.
AI-driven bots use Natural Language Processing (NLP) and (sometimes) machine learning to analyze and understand the requests human users type into the interface. An ideal AI-driven bot should be able to understand the nuances of human language. It should recognize a variety of responses and be able to derive meaning from implications instead of only understanding syntax specific commands. Thus, one of the core critiques of intelligent conversational interfaces is the fact that they only seem to be efficient if the users know exactly what they want and how to ask for it. On the other hand, graphical user interfaces, although they might require a learning curve, can provide users with a complex set of choices and solutions. A conversational user interface (CUI) allows users to interact with computer systems using natural language.
- The goal here is to show more of a human side to AI, as these more emotional, personal connections matter.
- By leveraging data and user preferences, CUIs can deliver experiences that resonate on a personal level, like suggesting your favorite coffee when you order breakfast.
- No matter what industry the bot or voice assistant is implemented in, most likely, businesses would rather avoid delayed responses from sales or customer service.
- Moreover, the NLP-based processing system and machine learning algorithms focus more on the context and intent than the words to deliver a more personalized experience.
Conversational interfaces for health purposes are still in their infancy but have taken off during the COVID-19 pandemic. Facebook and Facebook Messenger have been playing around with this model, and their innovations in this space have been impressive to watch. Facebook messenger uses topic terms to create key terms that their chatbot can respond to with other key terms or phrases. But they’re not the only company that is working to create conversational interfaces. This chatbot interface is what most people see as a conversational interface.
A rule-based chatbot answers user questions based on the rules outlined by the person who built it. They work on the principle of a structured flow, often portrayed as a decision tree. Technological advancements of the past decade have revived the “simple” concept of talking to our devices. More and more brands and businesses are swallowed by the hype in a quest for more personalized, efficient, and convenient customer interactions.
As CUI technology continues to evolve, we can expect even more sophisticated interactions. Features like contextual understanding, emotional intelligence, and multi-modal capabilities (combining voice, text, and visuals) are being explored to enhance the user experience further. The rise of Voice User Interfaces (VUIs) has ushered in a new era of human-computer interaction. Offering a more natural, intuitive, and hands-free experience, VUIs are transforming the way we interact with technology. Their benefits extend beyond mere convenience, fostering accessibility, personalized experiences, and increased efficiency across diverse domains. The more familiar consumers become with conversational UI and the more advanced chatbots become, the more value this strategy holds.
The heart of a Conversational UI lies in its ability to understand and interpret natural language input from users. Next step is to integrate Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies to enable your interface to comprehend and respond to user inputs accurately. This includes tasks such as speech recognition, text analysis, intent recognition, and entity extraction.
Conversational UIs aim to provide a more intuitive and human like experience by mimicking the way people naturally interact with one another. Conversational UI allows people to interact with digital devices in a natural and conversational way. It uses either spoken or written dialogue, where the terms chatbots and voice assistants are used. Although we see these all the more often referred to as AI Assistants.
How is conversational AI used?
Conversational AI systems are trained on large amounts of data, such as text and speech. This data is used to teach the system how to understand and process human language. The system then uses this knowledge to interact with humans in a natural way.
We’ve grown increasingly interested in technologies like Zoundream, a portable translator of newborn cries. It recognizes different subtle nuances in crying as five basic needs that caregivers can address, and this tech isn’t far away. So the doctors don’t get enough time to look for each and every detail. To manage these, the chatbots gather the patients’ information through the app or website, monitor the patients and schedule appointments, and many more. Words are the significant part of Conversational Interfaces, make sentences simple, concise and clear.
It will drastically widen the scope of conversational technologies, making it more adaptable to different channels and enterprises. Less effort required for CUI will result in better convenience for users, which is perhaps the ultimate goal. As for end-users, this technology allows them to make the most out of their time. When used correctly, CUI allows users to invoke a shortcut with their voice instead of typing it out or engaging in a lengthy conversation with a human operator. The primary advantage of Conversational UI is that it helps fully leverage the inherent efficiency of spoken language.
They help users to complete many tasks — how many tasks and how complex those tasks are depends on the AI powering the bot. CUIs often involve technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), ML, and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to understand and process human language, interpret user intent, and provide relevant responses. A conversational interface can significantly enhance the likelihood of a user making a purchase by making apt suggestions and steering the customer journey.
The change has flipped everything UX designers learned in school on its head. Over the years, Dominos has introduced different ways through which customers can order food. Since its inception, they have added over 500 million registered users, out of which 42 million are active every month. Once you compare and choose a flight, the chatbot redirects you to the website to complete the payment. After selecting the origin city, destination city, and travel dates, the chatbot shows a list of flight options from various airlines along with their rates. It is also capable of sending alerts if there is any change in the pricing.
Podimo Tests New AI Feature: Conversational Interface Aims to Assist Users in Discovering New Podcasts – Podnews
Podimo Tests New AI Feature: Conversational Interface Aims to Assist Users in Discovering New Podcasts.
Posted: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 08:00:00 GMT [source]
Chatbots are presently used by many organizations to converse with their users. The chatbots and voice assistants should keep the attention of the user. Like if he has asked something, then the bots should show typing indicators. So the user knows that yes, I will get a reply back and doesn’t feel lost.
But it’s important to consider them as a paradigm and not just a technology that focuses on removing friction between people and computers. With the help of a conversational user interface, Duolingo has revolutionized the language learning sector. These kinds of interactions differ from the vast majority of chat assistant conversations that happen in the chat window of a corporate website such as Facebook.
Chatbots revolutionize the way online businesses interact with customers. In order to choose the right chatbot for your product, let’s compare the two types of chatbots that exist today. Through usability research and testing, UX designers have the skills to streamline natural language’s infinite possibilities into one clear conversational user interface understanding, action or response. For example, Babylon Health has integrated numerous conversational user interfaces across its suite of tools. Their app offers access to 24/7 appointments, instant health information and other tools that can be modulated through the interface.
Companies understand that Conversational UI recenters people in a busy marketplace. They realize the value of keeping customers engaged and providing a good customer experience. This is crucial, especially for conversations about mental health and stress. You can create a user interface that is conversational simply by giving your audience options. This traditional model of using a purchase funnel to direct online users tries to force the user through a pre-designed flow or funnel, by giving them only one option to select. We’ve grown accustomed to this flow, as consumers, but that doesn’t mean it is the best way to approach digital consumer interaction.
It relies on natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU) to enable users to communicate with the computer system like they would converse with another person. The buzz around conversational user interfaces (CUIs) has reached a fever pitch in the marketing world. Technological leaps have reignited the seemingly “simple” act of interacting with our devices through spoken words.
What is an example of a conversational user interface?
Types of Conversational User Interfaces
There are two types of conversational interfaces: chatbots and voice assistance. Chatbots can be seen on websites like Facebook Messenger, and examples of voice-assistance are Apple's Siri or Google assistant.
What is an example of a voice and conversational UI?
- Personal assistant in cars.
- AI copilot for websites.
- Chatbot in education.
- Virtual assistant in banks.
- Chatbot in healthcare.
What are the 3 conversational rules?
Quality: Stick to the truth. Relevance: Say things that are relevant to the conversation. Manner: Present things in an orderly way — for instance, if you're talking about a sequence of events, lay them out in order.